Studies of the leading edges of earthworm invasion by Cindy Hale and landscape-scale patterns of invasion by Andy Holdsworth take place in sugar maple-dominated forests.
Second growth northern hardwoods near Leech Lake, Minnesota. Photo: Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Base of sugar maple, no earthworms. Photo: Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Base of sugar maple, with earthworms. Photo: Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Nodding Trillium above and Bellwort below, two species negatively impacted by European earthworms. Photo: Dave Hansen, University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
